Senin, 16 Desember 2013
Sabtu, 07 Desember 2013
KATA KETERANGAN DAN LAIN-LAIN DLM BHS. INGGRIS (M. Rasyad, Guru SDN Cenlecen 2, Pakong, Pamekasan, Madura)
(M. Rasyad, guru SDN
Cenlecen 2, Pakong, Pamekasan, Madura)
LAIN-LAIN
A. Kata-Kata Keterangan
Often, seldom, always, never, ever, some
times, usually, generally, hardly, scarcely, dan almost.
Kata-kata keterangan
tersebut ditaruh/ditempatkan:
• Sesudah 15 kawan not.
• Sebelum kata kerja
kawan do, does, did.
Contoh:
1. We often
go to Surabaya.
2. She is always
busy.
3. I can never
help you.
4. You usually
write well.
5. Father some
times drinks milk.
6. We seldom
eat apple.
B. Kata Kerja
Bentuk Everyday dan Kata Kerja Asal
Perbedaan kata kerja bentuk everyday dan kata kerja asal adalah:
•
Kata kerja bentuk
everyday (BE) sudah terikat pada subyek.
Kata kerja asal (KA) terikat pada “to” dan “10 kawan not” (can-could, may-might,
must, shall-should, will-would, dan
ought to).
Contoh:
1. Shecomes late. (BE)
She
maycome late. (KA) Pada kata “come” tidak ada
tambahan s/es walaupun subyeknya he,
she, dan it sebab didahului oleh 10 kawan not, yaitu: may. Ingat sesudah 10 kawan not harus kata
kerja asal yang tidak memakai tambahan s/es.
2. We get up early. (BE)
We
have to get up early. (KA)
3. Tati studies in the evening. (BE)
Tati
will study this evening. (KA)
4. They usually buy a book at the shop. (BE)
They
can buy a book at the shop. (KA)
5. I often help mother. (BE)
I
must help mother. (KA)
Perbedaan
yang jelas antara bentuk everyday dan kata kerja asal adalah terdapat pada kata
kerja to be.
Contoh:
1. I am here. (BE)
I
must be here. (KA)
2. She is late. (BE)
She
will be late. (KA)
3. They are patient. (BE)
They
have to be patient. (KA)
C. Setelah To Kata Kerja Asal
Contoh:
1. He
likes tocome.
They
wanted togo to Medan.
She
wants to visit aunt Tina.
2. The
hurried to meet their friends.
She
tried to help her classmate.
She
forgot to buy some sugar.
We
are going to the station to meet aunt Tina.
Do
you remember to finish your home work.
He
ran to be on time.
He
tried to be early.
3. I
‘m glad to see you.
She
‘s happy to have dinner together.
He
‘s lazy to do his home work.
I
‘m sad to tell you the story.
D. Kata Kerja Dapat
Menjadi Sebagai Complement
Kata kerja dapat
menjadi sebagai complement:
•
Letaknya di belakang
kata kerja.
•
Tidak memakai ing ditambah dengan to.
Contoh:
1. A shirt some thing towear. (Baju adalah sesuatu untuk dipakai)
2. I need the book to read. (Saya memerlukan
buku untuk dibaca)
3. Do you know the book to buy? (Tahukah kamu
buku yang dibeli?)
4. Rice is some thing to eat. (Nasi adalah sesuatu untuk dimakan)
5. I don’t have any money to spend. (Saya tidak
mempunyai uang untuk membayar)
6. I borrow the gun to shoot. (Saya meminjam
senjata untuk menembak)
7. May I borrow your bike to go?(Bolehkah saya
meminjam sepedamu untuk pergi?)
E. Penggunaan Kata
Have
•
Have,
has, had disertai dengan to
maka artinya harus.
Sedang
have, has, had tanpa to artinya mempunyai.
•
Have
to, has to, had to persamaannya sama dengan must (harus).
•
Have
to, has to, dan had to disertai dengan kata
kerja asal (bentuk ke 1) dan tidak boleh diberi to be.
Contoh:
1. I have tostudy.
= Saya harus belajar.
I must study.
2. She
has to come.
= Dia harus dating.
She
must come.
3. We
have to play.
= Kami harus bermain.
We
must play.
Ingat: Must tidak boleh diberi to.
4. You have to read the book = You must
read the book.
5. They have to eat an apple = They must
eat an apple.
6. He has to wash a dress.
= He must wash a dress.
7. Quraisy
Amri has to help the teacher =
Quraisy Amri must help the teacher.
8. I have to write. = I must
write.
9. He has to read a book = He must read a
book.
10. We have to come. = We must come.
11. I have to go. = I must go.
12. What do you have to do ? = What must you do ?
13. I
had to make a cake. I didn’t have to make a cake.
F. Penggunaan Ought
To
Ought to termasuk 15
kawan not dan juga masuk ke 10 kawan not (can-could, may-might,
must, shall-should, will-would, dan
ought to).
•
Ought to 15 kawan not
Contoh:
1.
They
ought to be here now. (+)
2.
They
ought not to be here now. (-)
3.
Ought they to be here now ?
•
Ought to 10 kawan not diikuti kata kerja asal(sesudah can-could,
may-might, must, shall-should, will-would,
dan ought to harus kata kerja asal/bentuk ke 1).
Contoh:
1. They ought to be here now. (be ini termasuk bagian dari
daftar kata kerja asal)
2.
They
ought to be here now, ought not they
? (Q. taq)
3.
They
ought not to be here now, ought they
? (Q. taq)
G. 10 Kawan not dan
have to, has to, had to serta do, does, did
Kata-kata: 10 kawan
not seperti can-could, may-might, must, shall-should,
will-would, dan ought to dan have to,
has to, had to serta do, does did, bila terdapat dalam kalimat pasti diikuti
oleh kata kerja asal. Jika
kalimatnya akan dijadikan kalimat pasif, maka sesudah kata-kata tersebut harus
langsung diikuti kata: be.
Contoh:
1. He canwork for his country. (work adalah kata kerja asal tanpa s/es walaupun subyeknya he, she, dan it sebab ada can (10 kawan not)).
He
should work hard. He ought
to work hard. (work disini kata kerja
asal).
He
works He could work. (work adalah kata kerja asal tanpa s/es walaupun subyaknya he, she, atau it sebab ada could (10 kawan
not))
He
is a good citizen He can be a good citizen.(be kata kerja asal sebab ada can (10 kawan not)).
Ingat:
am, is, are kata kerja asalnya adalah to be.
I do love you.
He
does like sate.
I
did see him yesterday.
Ingat:
do, does, did termasuk golongan kata kerja munafik!
2. I can do it easily. Pasif: It can be
done easily.
I have to do it. Pasif: It has to be done.
Ingat ! be merupakan
kata kerja asal.
H. 5 Kawan Not (to be)
5 kawan not (to be), yaitu: am, is, are, was
dan were.
Sesudah 5 kawan not tersebut selalu:
·
Bentuk
…………..ing, atau
·
Bentuk
ke III (kalimat pasif).
I. Kata Asal To
Be
Kata
asal to be digunakan dalam
kalimat adalah setelah 10 kawan not kecuali to
be (am, is, are, was, dan were).
Contoh:
1. I will be
clever. Bukan I will am
clever. Dan bukan I am will clever.
2. I will be
at school.
3. He can be
here at four.Bukan He can is
here at four.Dan bukan He is can
here at four.
4. He must be
here at four.
5. He may be
here at four.
J. Kata/Kalimat Perintah
Kata Perintah
Hurry up = lekas Put
on = pakailah
Hold up =
pegang dan angkat Point to the door =
tunjuklah pintu
Stand up = berdirilah Show
your pen =tunjukkanlah penamu
Get up =
bangun Pease
don’t go = jangan pergi
Wake up = bangun Don’t
sit on the floor = jangan duduk di
lantai
Speak up = bicaralah lebih kerasSit down = duduklah
Look up =
lihat ke atas Slow
down = lebih lambatlah
Eat up =
habiskan (makan) Get
down = turunlah ke bawah
Drink up = habiskan (minum) Write
down = tulislah
Come on =
ayolah Put
down = letakkan
Go on = lanjutkan
Kalimat Perintah
Perbedaan kalimat biasa
dan kalimat perintah.
·
Kalimat
biasa ada subyeknya.
Contoh:
1.
He is eating now.
2. She came home very late.
·
Kalimat perintah tidak
ada subyeknya,dimulai dari kata kerja,kalau kata sifat pakai be.
Contoh:
1.
Come here, son!
2.
Don’t
becareless!
3.
Go
bequick!
Command (perintah), ciri-cirinya:
·
Bentuk ini:
- Tidak
mengenal waktu.
-
Tidak mengenal bentuk
tenses.
-
Tidak mengenal macam
tenses.
Contoh:
1.
Will
you help me open my book! (Maukah kamu membantuku membukakan buku!)
2. Would you drop in my
house! No, thank you, the other time. (Maukah kamu
singgah di rumahku ! Tidak, terima kasih, lain hari/waktu.
3.
Can
you help me shut the window! (Dapatkah kamu membantu menutupkan jendela!)
4.
Don’t
open it ! (Jangan buka-bukakan itu!)
5. Don’t over there ! (Jangan dekat-dekat sana!)
6.
Don’t
speak up ! (Jangan berteriak!)
7.
Don’t
worry ! (Jangan bimbang/ragu!)
8.
Don’t
cry ! (Janganlah menangis!)
9. Don’t climb that tree
it’s very danger!(Jangan panjat pohon itu,sangat berbahaya!)
10. Don’t look for me in
that metting! (Jangan mencariku di pertemuan itu!)
11.
Don’t
look at me like that! I am afraid you! (Jangan memandangku seperti itu, Saya
takut pada mu!)
·
Kalimat perintah dimulai dari kata kerja.
Contoh:
1. Come
here, son!
2. Don’t
go!
·
Kalau kata sifat pakai be.
Contoh:
1.
Go be quick!
2.
Don’t be careless!
3.
Don’t be lazy!
·
Untuk menyatakan kalimat perintah memakai kata “Please” yang artinya ”silahkan” dalam bentuk positif. Sedangkan untuk kalimat
negatifnya memakai kata ”Please, don’t” yang artinya ”silahkan jangan”.
Contoh:
1.
+ Please
Write
on the board.
Please,
write on the board!
2.
- Please,
don’t
Write
on the board.
Please,
don’t write on the board!
·
Untuk menyatakan
kalimat pesuruh memakai kata “Let’s” yang artinya “marilah” dalam bentuk positif.
Sedangkan untuk kalimat negatifnya memakai kata “Let’s not” yang artinya
“jangan diajak/biar saja”.
Contoh:
1. +
Let’s
1) Read the newspaper.
Let’s
read the newspaper!
2) Play volley ball.
Let’s
play volley ball!
3) Let’s go ! (marilah kita pergi)
Let’s
read the book! (marilah membaca buku)
Let’s
open the door! (marilah kita buka pintu)
Let’s
go home! (marilah kita pergi ke rumah)
4) Let’s go to school early tomorrow! Please go to the office and get some chalk
now!
5) Let’s go to Tretes!
Sebagai
jawabannya:
Let’s.
(Ya mari).
Let’s
not. (Lebih baik jangan)
2.
- Let’s not
Sesudah kata “Let’s” kata kerja asal.
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